HIV can harm the brain, causing memory and cognitive issues. Once in the brain, it remains there. HIV attacks helper T cells, a type of immune cell. These cells search the body, including the brain, for antigens, which are signs of infection. When they find antigens, they activate other cells to fight the infection.
HIV weakens the immune system by reducing helper T cells, increasing the risk of infections and leading to AIDS. Antiviral drugs can control HIV and protect T cells, but they struggle to reach the brain and spinal cord.
Research teams have tried to reduce HIV-related brain inflammation. However, a study with the Morrison Lab and Raeman Lab found that a therapy aimed at decreasing inflammation actually increased HIV levels in the brain.
T cells use proteins called integrins to move in the body. Some researchers think blocking integrins could stop HIV from entering the brain. A test with monkeys showed that blocking an integrin called alpha-4 increased HIV in the brain, reducing killer T cells that destroy infected cells.
The study found that helper T cells do not need alpha-4 to enter the brain, but killer T cells do. Targeting immune cells more precisely could help fight HIV in the brain.
Globally, over 40 million people had HIV in 2024, and 22% lacked treatment. More research is needed to improve treatments and help millions of patients.
